Essay on Igor Stravinsky - 1200 Words

IGOR STRAVINSKY Igor Stravinsky is considered by many the greatest composer of the 20th Century. Several composers have made breakthroughs and great accomplishments in the past 100 years, but Stravinsky has dominated nearly every trend set. He was born near St. Petersburg, Russia in Oranienbaum, on June 17, 1882. He was born to a famous Russian bass opera singer, Fyodor Ignatyevich Stravinsky. Igor Stravinsky was third of a family of four boys. He grew up hearing his father practicing his opera and attending local ballets. He also started taking piano lessons when he was 9 years old and continued on with musical notation and composition instruction. All throughout his early life he studied music. However, although he had been brought†¦show more content†¦He was so impressed by Stravinskys promise as a composer that he invited him to join his small group of artistic assistants. For the rest of the 1909 season Diaghilev asked Stravinsky to compose various pieces of ballet music. Then, in 1910, Diaghilev commissioned Stravinsky to compose his new ballet, The Firebird. The result of his commission was the first real modern ballet. It set the example of the composer consulting both with the choreographer and the stage/costuming artist during the composition. amp;#9;For the next few years, Stravinsky and Diaghilev worked very closely together. Diaghilev wanted all of Stravinsky’s new works to be produced by his company. Stravinskys next two works for the ballet, Petrouchka (1910-11) and The Rite of Spring (1912-13) are perfectly crafted, powerful pieces, drawing on Stravinskys rhythmic and harmonic imagination. The most amazing part is that Stravinsky had not even reached middle age at the time he composed these pieces. The Rite of Spring created a violent reaction because no one had ever heard music that carried this much premature power. It was almost as though there was a sense of jealousy from his colleagues. The entire musical establishment criticized stravinsky, but he didn’t really seem to care. amp;#9;During World War I, Stravinsky lived in Switzerland. There he concentrated on smaller-scale chamber pieces, piano works, and songs. One of these, The Soldiers Tale,Show MoreRelatedIgor Stravinsky658 Words   |  3 PagesIgor Fyodorovich Stravinsky was born on June 17th, 1882 in Oranienbaum, Russia. He was one of four to his polish parents, Anna nà ©e Kholodovsky and Fyodor Stravinsky. Igor Stravinsky’s first exposer to music was from his father, who was a bass singer at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. His father helped him learn the love of music. His first musical education began at the age of nine with piano lessons, studying music theory, and attempting composition. By fifteen, he had mastered Mendelssohn’sRead More Igor Stravinsky Essay533 Words   |  3 PagesIgor Stravinsky In the passage by Igor Stravinsky, he uses not only comparison and contrast, but also language to convey his point of view about the conductors of the time and their extreme egotism. Stravinsky believes that conductors exploit the music for their own personal gain, so rather, he looks on them in a negative light. To show his aggravation and irritation, Stravinsky uses the rhetorical device of comparison and contrast to convey his opinion of conductors. He compares the greatRead MoreComposer, Igor Fyodorvich Stravinsky1413 Words   |  6 Pageseven then it only occurred several decades into the 19th century. Of all the neoclassical composers, Igor Fyodorvich Stravinsky is the one that is the most well known in the music world for his contributions to the creation of the style. Stravinsky’s music often emphasizes neoclassicism with its reduction of string scoring and emphasizing on brass and woodwinds. There is no doubt that Stravinsky was a talented composer which is part of what makes him such an interesting topic of research for manyRead MoreIgor Stravinsky, a Russian Composer559 Words   |  2 Pages Igor Stravinsky is known as one of the most important and influential composers of the twentieth century. Igor was born in Lomonosow, Russia on June 17, 1882 to Anna Kholod ovsky and Fyodor Stravinsky. When Stravinsky was only three he witnessed a musician at a Russian fair singing, clicking his tongue, and making armpit noises. Igor was so excited to go try it at home. This was one of Stravinskys first memory of music. Igors childhood was not a good memory for him. He felt hated andRead MoreGreatest Composers in History: Igor Stravinsky566 Words   |  2 PagesWhat gives the artist real prestige is his imitators (Igor Stravinsky). Based on that measurement of admiration, Igor Stravinsky earned a place among some of the greatest composers in history. Emerging as a leader of the 20th century classical music, he influenced many of his contemporaries as well as future composers. His life, music, and religion defined Stravinsky. Born on June 17, 1882, Igor Stravinsky grew up in Orianenbaum, a resort town off the coast of Finland. His parents loved musicRead MoreThe New Musical Language of The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky895 Words   |  4 Pages2. Listen again to The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky. Describe elements of this piece that helped shape a new musical language for the twentieth- century. Elements of this piece that helped shape a new musical language for thee twentieth – century would consist of Stravinsky experimenting with rhythm and new combinations of instruments. The way he uses dissonance in his pieces as well polyphonic and polytonal textures. His ballets were strongly nationalistic but contained rites of RussiaRead More Musical Modernism with Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg1894 Words   |  8 Pagesand it was not only made to please the listeners but carried meanings about life itself. With the modernist movement emotions other than love, anger and joy has started to be portrayed more securely and concisely. Composers like Claude Debussy, Igor Stravinsky and Arnold Schoenberg are very well known supporters of the Modern era with the pieces they composed. Claude Debussy, the composer who was considered by many as the dominant figure of the translation from Romantic era to Modern era, born inRead MoreEssay on Petrouchka693 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout the ballet music plays a vital role in expressing the mood and aura of the scenes. The original composer Igor Stravinsky, was one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century. The music in Petrouchka is modern. It uses the music of the past, folk tunes and popular songs, but departs form the simplicity of these tunes. Stravinsky artistically keeps the listener off-balance by frequent meter changes and unpredictable accents. Music of the classical is smoothRead MoreNeoclassicism Vs. Modernism Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pages Igor Stravinsky makes for a first-class example of differences and similarities between neoclassicism and modernism. Modernism is defined as â€Å"A term used in music to denote a multi-faceted but distinct and continuous tradition within 20th-century composition†1, while neoclassicism may be defined as â€Å"A movement of style in the works of certain 20th-century composers, who, particularly during the period betwe en the two world wars, revived the balanced forms and clearly perceptible thematic processesRead MoreThe Rite of Spring Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagestranslates from Russian to French is; Le Sacre du Printemps, meaning the rite of spring, but the literal translation from Russian to English means â€Å"Sacred Spring†. The ballet and music were composed by Igor Stravinsky, with the help of Nicholas Roerich, who proposed the general idea behind the ballet to Stravinsky. Roerich wanted to put into motion the ideas behind pagan pre-Christian rituals in Russia. Together the two created the story line behind the ballet; a sacred pagan ritual where a young female

Compare And Contrast Sir Gawain And The Green Knight

Protagonists also known as the main character or the hero. A protagonist can make or break the story. A hero is defined as a person who goes on a quest to save, restore or heal the community. Most heroes have the same qualities; however, what the character does with the qualities is a different story. For example, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, author unknown and Oroonoko by Aphra Behn are two works where the protagonists are comparable. For example, both men are on a dangerous journey, a woman starts their downfall, and lastly, both put their trust in the wrong people. However, they differ in many factor; the main one however, is that Sir Gawain is a knight and Oroonoko is a prince. Sir Gawain and The Green Knight takes place during a†¦show more content†¦Oroonoko, the story of the royal prince. Oroonoko was a beautiful and well educated African American prince. He ends up getting forced into slavery. While he is enslaved, he ends up being reunited with his lost love, Imoinda. The two of them become with child. Oroonoko did not want his family to be enslaved, he orchestrated an escape plan. When his plan failed, he took matters in his own hands. Both Oroonoko and Sir Gawain followed the chivalric code. The Chivalric code was a moral system which went beyond the rules of combat. For example, a knight must have bravery, courtesy, honor, and politeness towards women. Lines 638-639 of Sir Gawain and The Green Knight tells the reader that Sir Gawain succeeded; he is known unto other as the noblest knight. Lines 638-639 tells the reader that Sir Gawain succeeded; he is known unto other as the noblest knight. Oroonoko is described as the perfect hero. He is rich, noble, honorable, and brave. Another example of the two protagonists being similar would be their misplaced trust. Sir Gawain put his trust in Bertilak and in the end Bertilak is the Green Knight. Oroonoko misplaced his trust multiple times. The first time, on page 1026-1027, Oroonoko trust the captain of a ship and end up being forced into slavery. The second time he misplaces his trust is during his hunger strike onShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrast Beowulf And Sir Gawain And The Green Knight761 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, an admirable warrior and knight are depicted. Although Sir Gawain and Beowulf both possess such characteristics as bravery and strength, readers can observe differences in other traits that make them heroes of their own time that is attributable to the societal mindset in which the poems were written. The goal of this essay is to compare and contrast how Beowulf, which was written in the early eleventh century, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, whi ch wasRead MoreCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight600 Words   |  3 PagesCompare and Contrast of Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Beowulf is an epic poem that was written in the Anglo-Saxon time period where only a few privileged people were able to read and write while Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which is also an epic poem, was written in the Middle English time period where reading and writing was more wide-spread. While both the epic poem Beowulf and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight have similar protagonists, the main character of each poem also hasRead MoreBritish Literature Essay: Macbeth vs. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight653 Words   |  3 Pagestheir surrounding history. Macbeth is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in 1604; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written in the 1300’s by an unknown author. The following essay is going to compare and contrast the two stories mentioned above based on historical setting, cultural context, literary styles, and the aesthetic principles of the period in which they were written. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight were written in the late 14th century (1300’s) in Northwestern England. During this timeRead More Gawain, noble or naà ¯ve? Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesGawain, noble or naà ¯ve? Gawain, nephew of the famed Arthur of the Round Table, is depicted as the most noble of knights in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nonetheless, he is not without fault or demerit, and is certainly susceptible to conflict. Gawain, bound to chivalry, is torn between his knightly edicts, his courtly obligations, and his mortal thoughts of self-preservation. This conflict is most evident in his failure of the tests posed by the wicked Morgan le Fay. With devious testsRead More Sir Gawain Essay989 Words   |  4 Pages Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Gawain, a knight of the famed King Arthur, is depicted as the most noble of knights in the poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Nonetheless, he is not without fault or punishment, and is certainly susceptible to conflict. Gawain, bound to chivalry, is torn between his knightly edicts, his courtly obligations, and his mortal thoughts of self-preservation. This conflict is most evident in his failure of the tests presented to him. With devious tests of temptation andRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf Essay499 Words   |  2 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight and Beowulf â€Å"My body, but for your blood, is barren of worth; And tis I have asked for this folly not fit for a King.† These are the words of a true hero. One who is willing to sacrifice his own existence for the life of another. These are the words and actions of Sir Gawain, a character from the beloved British tale, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Beowulf, another character from an ancient British epic entitled, Beowulf, is also portrayed as a â€Å"heroRead More Compare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems. Essay1421 Words   |  6 PagesCompare and contrast images of heroism in these two poems. Heroism is a trait that we seem to have no problem identifying, yet when asked to define what a hero is a myriad of answers emerge. This phenomenon is not unique to today’s society; the definition of a hero is something that is constantly under revision and debate. An example of this can be seen in two older pieces of English literature: Beowulf, written circa 750-900, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written circa 1375-1400Read MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight2066 Words   |  9 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight, is a medieval English romance that tells the story of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s round table, and his quest to fulfill a challenge presented by the mysterious Green Knight. David N. Beauregard, author of the article â€Å"Moral Theology in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: The Pentangle, the Green Knight, and the Perfection of Virtue†, and Manish Sharma, author of â€Å"Hiding the Harm: Revisionism and Marvel in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, both discuss majorRead MoreThe Changing Face of Love in English Literature1528 Words   |  7 Pagesattempt to win the favor of a woman that neither has ever met. I examined two medieval works to compare the theme of love within these works and the overwhelming consensus of the two works was that love is a danger and a distraction. I first examined â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†. The lady who seduces Sir Gawain and gives him the green corset is only present to weaken and betray the knight. Sir Gawain expounds at the end of the tale that much like Adam, Samson and David, he too was misled by aRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay1818 Words   |  8 PagesEvery further mention of romance will refer to all of these ideas, the way it did when the term was introduced into english. If all things are to be considered this short essay would turn into a book. I would like to compare and contrast Beowulf, Lanval, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with some of the modern day creations especially in looking at the values, and belief systems in all of the three â€Å"classic† stories. I will apologize in advance to those who will read th is and are not familiar to the

An Overview of Sexual Harassment Free Essays

Sexual harassment is one of the biggest problems facing our schools and businesses today. A week rarely goes by without a reminder of the pervasiveness of sexual harassment as a social problem. Sexual harassment is a growing problem in the government agencies, schools, and the corporations of the world; however, many corporations are now adopting new anti-harassment policies. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview of Sexual Harassment or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Conta) The definition of sexual harassment is any unwanted or inappropriate sexual attention. That includes touching, looks, comments, or gestures. A key part of sexual harassment is that it is one sided and unwanted. There is a great difference between sexual arassment and romance or friendship, since those are mutual feelings of two people. Often sexual harassment makes the victim feel guilty, but it is important for the victim to remember that it is not their fault, the fault lies totally on the person who is the harasser. Many times fear is involved in sexual harassment because it isn’t about physical attraction, it’s about power. In fact, many sexual harassment incidents take place when one person is in a position of power over the other; or when a woman has an untraditional job such as a police officer, factory worker, business executive, or ny other traditionally male job. Typical victims of harassment are young, single, college-educated, members of a minority racial or ethnic group (if male), in a trainee position (or office/ clerical positions if male), or have an immediate supervisor of the opposite Presently, it is hard for courts and others to decide when sexual harassment has taken place because the definition of sexual harassment is much too broad. Clearing up the legal definition of sexual harassment would discourage and punish harassers and bring comfort to the victims. Here are some points to remember in deciding hen sexual harassment takes place: Sexual harassment is one-sided and * It is about power and not attraction. * Subtle sexual behavior is sometimes socially acceptable, but some would consider it offensive and want it stopped. * Moderate sexual behavior is not socially acceptable, reasonable * Severe sexual behavior is never acceptable. (Swisher 28) Sexual harassment is a major problem in public schools, colleges, and universities. Surveys on college campuses show the number of respondents reporting to have been sexually harassed ranging from 40-70 percent. Only two percent of campus harassment ases involve a professor demanding sex in return for a good grade. Most cases involve male and female students. In public schools current sexual harassment definitions are inappropriate, since bad sexual behavior of today’s children isn’t sexual harassment, but it is a reflection of the vulgar, violent, and the sexually explicit nature of our media and culture. When little six-year-old children get suspended from school for kissing girls on the cheek, it is not an example of sexual harassment but of political Sexual harassment is still a big problem in schools and every school district in Washington now has an antiharassment policy. Junior high or middle school has the biggest problem with sexual harassment mainly because of their immaturity and out-of-control hormones†. Says Viki Simmons of the YWCA. â€Å"Many times in high school, students don’t think anything about it when harassment happens, but schools are now cracking down on it†. Simmons interview) In the business world employers are now on notice that sexual harassment will no longer be tolerated in the workplace. Claims brought against alleged harassers include wrongful termination, invasion of privacy, violation of due process and free speech rights, efamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Sexual harassment usually happens to women in low-paying jobs, or women that have to have a job in order to support themselves and children. If sexual harassment happens at work, write down a detailed description of what took place, so that it is well recorded and you don’t have to think back to the incident. You should keep a note pad handy for this purpose, or write it on a napkin to help you * What actually took place and what the offender said Another way to do this is to write a letter to the harasser. Be sure to keep a copy. Tell the person clearly in the letter that his behavior toward you is unwanted. Tell the person that he will be reported if the behavior doesn’t stop (Kolbert). According to the research group Catalyst, recent studies have found that 40 percent to 60 percent of woman say they have been harassed sometime in their Employers have a duty to investigate allegations of sexual harassment, and their employees have a legitimate interest in knowing what activities could result in their termination. Ever clearer definitions of sexual harassment are being implemented by more and more corporations around the country. As this happens, an increasing number of companies are searching for new ways of protecting themselves against allegations, adopting their own anti- harassment policies to combat this growing problem. CEO’s should do a variety of things to stop sexual harassment in the work place. The most important thing is senior management makes it clear to workers that harassment in any form won’t be tolerated. If top managers don’ take the issues seriously, employees won’t either. Managers must also understand they are responsible for their Companies need an explicit written policy on sexual arassment that is widely available in the workplace. Most consultants advise companies to do more than just post the policy on bulletin boards. They should distribute it company wide, repeatedly. Copies should be included in new employee orientation packets. Employees should have clear definitions of what sexual harassment is Many companies are now offering employee training sessions on sexual harassment, and many say that follow up training is a good idea. Training programs should include all employees, rather than just managers. The tone should be gender neutral and avoid heavy iscussions on male harassment that might cause some resentment among the male employees. Many times programs aren’t effective because they spend a lot of time just attacking men and not the crime. Companies need a good system to deal with complaints. A clear process for handling complaints shows that a company takes them seriously. Until 1991 it was harder for woman to make allegations of sexual harassment, since woman felt like there was nothing that they could do about it. But the highly publicized hearings of Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill in 1991 changed everything. During the fall of 1991, the subject of sexual harassment rabbed news headlines. Everyone began discussing this issue and emotions ran high. Judge Clarence Thomas was nominated to be a Supreme Court Justice, which is America’s highest court, and Supreme Court Justices have their jobs for life. They cannot be fired. Before a person can be made a Justice, he or she must be questioned and Judge Thomas was ounce the head of a U. S. agency called the EEOC. The EEOC makes sure everyone is treated fairly when applying for a job. It also enforces laws against sexual harassment. Anita Hill is a law professor who worked with Judge Thomas at the EEOC many years ago. A few weeks into the Congressional Questioning she came forward and accused Thomas of sexual harassment. She claimed that he used to constantly ask her for dates and spoke to her about pornographic films he had seen. Anita Hill said that she was deeply offended by these remarks but felt that she could not complain. Clarence Thomas was her boss, and she thought that her career could be Anita Hill was a very believable witness. But Judge Thomas denied her charges in the strongest possible terms. Who was telling the truth? The country was divided. But the issue was being discussed everywhere. Women from all across the nation told of their experiences with sexual harassment. And many men admitted being Finally, the senate voted to approve Judge Thomas. But the vote was close. Many senators had doubts about Thomas’s character. Others did not the, Thomas’s career should be destroyed because of one person’s story. They said there was not enough evidence to prove there was wrongdoing. In the end, everyone agreed that sexual harassment is a serious problem everyone must become more sensitive It’s important to know that men have trouble too. Women are not the only victims of sexual harassment. More and more men are being harassed in the workplace, classrooms, and locker rooms. Whoever is in the position of power tends to be the harasser. Men can be victims of both woman and other men Sexual harassment is very wide spread, but there are ways of avoiding it, such as: Keeping everything strictly on a business level. If working in the same room as the harasser, create a barrier between the two work stations with a desk or file cabinet, etc. Do not ask for personal favors or special treatment from the harasser so that he won’t feel he is owed anything. Do not talk about anything personal. How to cite An Overview of Sexual Harassment, Essay examples

Braveheart Movie Essay Research Paper Braveheart film free essay sample

Braveheart Movie Essay, Research Paper Braveheart movie reappraisal Mel Gibson has reached an acting pinnacle, at least so far, with Braveheart. It is an heroic poem film that is slackly based on historic events in Scotland. All the public presentations were great and the filming was superb. The movie covers the life of William Wallace from the clip he is a little male child, when his Father dies, to his ain decease. The film is set largely in thirteenth Century Scotland, the narrative # 8217 ; s background is William Wallace # 8217 ; s battle against the unfair regulation of the English King, Longshanks, and how he gets about the full state of Scotland to endorse him up in his battle for freedom. After the decease of his Father at the custodies of the English, William is raised by his uncle who, being a great truster in instruction, takes William across the universe where he learns Latin, French and the manful humanistic disciplines of war. Finally, he returns to his fatherland, a to the full mature adult male, ready to settle down with his childhood sweetie and raise a household. The concerns of his countrymen over English regulation take 2nd topographic point to his chase of the beautiful Murron, his childhood sweetie. Due to the halfhearted resistance of Murron # 8217 ; s Father and the English baronial # 8217 ; s rights to take a bride on her nuptials dark, Wallace is married in secret. The honeymoon doesn # 8217 ; t last long before their joy is shattered by the consequences of an English soldier # 8217 ; s attempted colza of Murron. While Wallace is able to round back the soldiers from his married woman, she is captured as they flee in separate waies. The local Lord so decides to convey Wallace into the unfastened by put to deathing his adult female in a peculiarly barbarous scene. She is tied to an unsloped pole and her pharynx is cut. So starts William Wallace # 8217 ; s life long conflict against the English to liberate the people of McGarry 2 Scotland. This common adult male is able to successfully form the villagers to subvert the local garrison and butcher the Godhead responsible for the decease of his married woman. Then, with the aid of an next kin, Wallace goes on to rupture down the local Lord # 8217 ; s impermanent palace. Meanwhile King Longshanks is distracted by his war with France and allows his hebdomad boy an chance to turn out himself by conveying Wallace to English justness. The boy # 8217 ; s awkwardness shortly leads to full scale conflict. A state of affairs that requires the support of the Scots Lords, an infighting ego interested clump of old work forces. On the juncture of the first major conflict, Wallace is able to convert three Lords into assisting. Through the usage of some superb tactics he successfully defeats the English forces and his fable grows to new highs. Wallace # 8217 ; s successes continue frequently hampered by treachery from the Scots Godheads and the perfidy of the English King. He finds love once more, loses many good friends and finally finds peace at the custodies of the English inquisitors. He is brought before a tribunal and told to squeal to treason. He refuses. He is given the pick to confess and hold a speedy and painless decease or to decease a slow and painful public decease. He remains silent. The following twenty-four hours Wallace is brought out into the public square where he will be publically executed. He goes through a series of anguishs such as being stretched, and drawn and quartered. But likely the most in writing anguish of all is so he is # 8220 ; gutted # 8221 ; and the anguish won # 8217 ; t halt until he says, # 8220 ; mercy. # 8221 ; He neer does and he is beheaded. The filming in this film is enormous. The three immense conflict scenes are astonishing efforts of cinematic mastermind. There are likely upwards of one 1000 supernumeraries in each of these scenes. The camera zooms all the manner out for the initial charge of the ground forcess at one another. When the two ground forcess mesh and the manus to manus combat begins it rapid climbs in all the manner to the point where you can see an arm or a leg being chopped off. McGarry 3 The cinematography of these conflict scenes must hold taken outstanding stage dancing. Mel Gibson non merely did a great occupation moving in this film, he besides did a antic occupation directing this great film. Another great cinematic scene is in the concluding scene of the film. When Wallace is acquiring tortured. The camera cuts to the people in the crowd as Wallace is being brought in, and they are throwing things like veggies at him and shouting at him. As he is being tortured the camera sporadically cuts back to the crowd. It shows them get downing to experience understanding for him. They even started to intone, # 8220 ; mercy. # 8221 ; This whole scene shows how William Wallace touched the lives of everyone. They begin to recognize what he had struggled so valorously for. As he is being # 8220 ; gutted # 8221 ; in the terminal, he takes the hurting with grace, and the camera zooms in on his face and you can see the hurting that he is keep backing. In his concluding words before he is beheaded he yells out non mercy but, # 8220 ; Freedom. # 8221 ; The playing in this film couldn # 8217 ; Ts have been better. Mel Gibson has his Scots speech pattern perfect. He truly throws himself into this function. Patrick McGoohan who plays King Edward I does a dramatic occupation of playing the evil King who doesn # 8217 ; t care about his work forces at all. Angus McFayden who plays the baronial Robert the Bruce, had a cardinal function in portraying Wallace # 8217 ; s best friend and so bewraying him. He realized the mistake of his ways and in the terminal leads Scotland to triumph and eventually freedom.

The summer before sunset Review Essay Example

The summer before sunset Review Paper Essay on The summer before sunset Doris Lessing is unique. The acuteness of the problems, Lift it in books brims over. Lessing in Lethe before sunset is analyzing the place of women in this world. The heroine, before the age of forty-five years, finds himself at the thought that her thoughts -klishe, she lives stereotypes and deep, under all this foreign husk ripe dissatisfaction with their lives .This resentment she is trying to carefully hide, deceive the very sebya.Ved in her life, all is not bad, prosperity, husband, four children. The question may arise, why is it so late to come round? After forty-five all the same age. And it is worth to wait so long? Mark explained: children growing up, gradually acquiring its own interests, quietly moving away. Similarly, little by little he departed husband, persistent external well-being. All this happened so slowly, routinely, unobtrusive, barely perceptible. We will write a custom essay sample on The summer before sunset Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The summer before sunset Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The summer before sunset Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, Lessing has a terrific sense of women, in fact, it is not surprising. Acute sensitivity to seemingly no appreciable external torque. Wife with experience understand .yr lived with a man allows to navigate in it, his mood not only to change the facial expressions, short sentences. Are guided by his silence. You know that silence may be different. Indifferent, lightning, rainbow, not the ordinary. And years later, Kate (heroine) quietly understands his acute loneliness in the family, their uselessness. I what draws Lessing scared, although she was right, Damn her with his true life. Of course, all that she gave to the pages of my life-not only its observations, it is her personal experience. Two failed marriages, two divorces as a result. Marriage Lessing presents as a doomed woman, perpetual slavery. And, of doom, does not save any level of education of women. I believe that it is even worse than an uneducated woman. The first is to explain the underlying causes of their pain, the latter is unlikely to So, returning to the product of:. the force of circumstances character is left alone, the husband goes to the doctors consultation, children are scattered in different places. Kate is left alone in his big house favorite to acutely feel his loneliness. Actually with this book begins. Admittedly this summer did not bring her anything .Popytki start life zanovo- she did not. Is it possible to condemn it? Forty-five is not 20, when youre ready to destroy, to destroy everything. And Kate resignedly returns to its marshy harbor, not finding happiness, humbling. Lessing does not offer women revolt, revolution, or any action. It only opens the eyes, but the answer to the question tormenting Mr. Chernyshevsky question: What should I do? She does not. I want to cry, Kate, well, pull yourself together, find a hobby, go into the Internet finally. But, unfortunately, the book written in 1973, and the worlds first Internet site appeared in 1989.Ne wait!

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RFID Technology Deployment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

RFID Technology Deployment - Essay Example Nevertheless, most suppliers were ready to beat the January 1 2005 deadline while others were in the pilot study stages (RFID). For Wal-Mart however, deployment was slow due to the overwhelming data available for the firm. This overwhelming data was a result of failure to adopt an incremental approach in the deployment of RFID. In comparison, METRO Group, Nestle, and Albertsons each used an incremental approach and effectively succeeded in deploying the technology (RFID). RFID deployment ensures a higher profit margin for a business. However, firms should use three critical areas to gauge the effectiveness of the technology. The first area is the maturity of the organization using the Capability Maturity Model. Secondly, organizations should gauge the effectiveness of investing in RFID by a better inventory management and control. Finally, another area to gauge the investment is by gauging the effectiveness of the automated method in manufacture of the passive tags (RFID). The U.S. D oD implemented the RFID technology in 2003. Importantly, DoD’s suppliers use either the passive program or the active RFID program. In this regard, this technology helps the DoD monitor the flow of supply along the frontlines. In addition, the technology is crucial to reduce losses and misplacement of its supplies. Finally, the technology is crucial in enabling a constantly moving force replenish its stocks through a better system of inventory (RFID). 2.1.2 RFID Technology: Basics, Advantages, and Disadvantages The passive RFID market is growing at a faster rate in comparison to the active RFID markets since the products are smaller and easier to use. In effect, their small size ensures small data storage capacity in comparison to the active RFID products that allows multiple files stored in the database. Consequently, active RFID products have a quick transfer rate of data in comparison to passive RFID products. However, both products are easily mounted on a plane surface an d are flexible enough (RFID). Programming RFID tags enhances security levels on who can read what part of the data. On the other hand, the level of programming is useful to allow only a few people gain the access to the operation and handle the RFID tags since the power to the chip has to meet a certain threshold for operation to take place. However, there is a limitation in the level of programming. In this regard, effective programming requires connection to a network (RFID). In addition, some tags have security features that act as anti-theft deterrents. The battery power capabilities vary in different RFID tags. On one hand, active tags draw their power from readers with a ten-year limit of battery life while passive tags have no battery power. On the other hand, semi-active tags, also known as semi-passive tags, have flexible and low-cost battery used to run the chip’s circuitry. However, unlike the active tags, they do not boost the radio frequency range though they off er a better range in comparison to the passive tags. The failures in battery have been crucial in slowing the growth of active RFID tags.

Water consumption research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water consumption research - Essay Example son with Nestle).Even for white-collar workers in big cities like Beijing and Shanghaiï ¼Å'it would be a considerable cost if they choose only Evian as drinking water. Bottled water is a ubiquitous commodity and its consumption continues to increase rapidly(Wilk, 2006). It is frequently studied with comparison to tap waterï ¼Å'or be criticized for single-serve disposable containers and not sustainable (Azoulay et al 2001; Doria 2006; Ferrier 2001). In Chinaï ¼Å'I was not a consumer of Evianï ¼Å'as there were many cheaper alternatives. And I would not be surprised if some rich Chinese drink Evian every day.Howeverï ¼Å'according to my memoriesï ¼Å'some young people, who were students and did not earn money, claim that they were fans of Evian, who never forget to take one bottle of Evian when they had group activities, like taking an LV. It seems that this kind of behavior is a new way of ‘conspicuous consumption’)in everyday lifeï ¼Å'which is definitely unsustainable (Wilk, 2006). On the other hand, irrational consumers just buy a product out of pulse and some of them are not aware of the forces that drive them to buy the product. For these consumersï ¼Å'the meaning of this bottled water is far beyond Marx’s use-value is more concerned with the benefits sought from using a particular product. The customers seek different benefits from a particular and this significantly plays a major role in influencing their behaviour to buy such product (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). For those people, what kind of magic does Evian have to get them pay for it? With this in mind, I suppose researching the ways in which people consume expensive bottled water while much cheaper alternatives are abundant would provide a stimulating focus. This research aims to explore in the case of Evian consumptionï ¼Å'the kind of meanings the consumer creates and find them in Evian. Through this consumption, what information about herself does she want to communicate to others? Also, this research aims to

In the light of these( moshirian& long-staff) and other relevant Essay

In the light of these( moshirian& long-staff) and other relevant articles, critically evaluate the reasons for the recent global - Essay Example The third one includes the multiple misunderstood innovations in financial engineering, which, in turn, include sub-prime mortgages, credit default swaps, new forms of securitization, and lack of responsibility in large private financial institutions, which operate globally. Many analysts conclude that the crisis was because of poor financial engineering innovations and failures in the financial sector regulations and supervision (Moshirian 2011, 502; Casu et al. 2006, 58). Fiscal policy in the United States led to low saving rate and monetary policy, which was persistently simple (Casu et al. 2006, 58). Other countries affected by monetary policy problems include several countries in Asia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland and some countries within the Euro zone, which had issues with the real interest rates. Many countries, like Korea, had policies that led to large amounts of foreign exchange reserves. The policies also led to global imbalances and distortion of international adjust ment process. These reserves put pressure on the macro-economic policies of many countries including the U.S. global imbalances phenomenon. This, however, was not a main cause of the recent economic and financial crisis. The imbalances and the crisis happened simultaneously as a result of faults in design and implementation of macro-economic policies in the world. This led to increase in global credit. It also led to housing booms in the U.S. and other places accompanied by a rise in equity prices and other factors that cause inflation. Financial sector regulation and supervision also caused the crisis, but the errors were not necessarily committed during that period (Moshirian 2011, 504). Bad financial conditions lead to too much lending and credit standards. Financial sector supervision could have reduced the excesses, but this was not the case anywhere in the world. Innovations in financial engineering have become partly blamed, but they existed even in the past (Moshirian 2011, 504). In most cases, the innovations were not clearly understood, thus leaving the risks involved unnoticed, which is important in financial risk management (Moshirian 2011, 34). Financial innovations did not cause the crisis, but they intensified through market dynamics and distorted the incentives for financial institutions (Moshirian 2011, 505). As such, large private financial that operated globally had an upper hand in this because they played a significant role in exacerbating the crises. The failure of these institutions was not due to lack of national supervisors, but because they absconded their responsibility. Furthermore, their global scope was not the cause of failure, but their large size and complexity. Cases were unique, but the institutions were extremely large. Managers of these institutions became deceived that unfavorable economic and financial crisis would persist indefinitely or until they complete their tasks. However, most of them were wrong (Guerrera and Thal -Larsen 2008, 65). A key element in the existing confusion was as a result of liquidity risks, which culminated into the disintegration of Bear Stearns and Northern Rock (Longstaff 2010, 45). These two made it clear that the risks involved with the reduction of liquidity had previously gone unnoticed since they had enough capital resources back then. The context of deregulation has greatly contributed towards development of these financial products for the last few decades. For example, the different

Auditing Risk and Liabilities

Auditing Risk and Liabilities Auditors are naturally nervous of the potential liability that they face when undertaking their role. This is particularly the case when it comes to the high risk audit client, where there is a much greater chance of inherent problems either within the business itself or with the way that it reports its position. This difficulty is recognised by the Accounting Standards Board to the extent that it has brought out guidance requiring auditors to undertake risk assessments in relation to the potential client, before it undertakes any auditing engagement (AICPA, 2006)[1]. The role of the auditor is quite simply to report (predominantly to the members of the company) as to whether the accounts have been prepared to give a true and fair view of the company’s financial position. Typically, factors such as complying with the Companies Act 2006 and preparing accounts in accordance with recognised accounting standards are all matters that the auditors will draw on to decide whether or n ot the accounts have been prepared in a way that gives a true and fair view of the financial position of the company. The problem occurs when something goes wrong with the company that is being audited. Risks are incurred by auditors when some sort of defect appears in the accounts of the company that has been audited as being true and fair. Naturally, the burden does not rest entirely with the auditor and there may well be other parties who are drawn in as jointly responsible, such as those who prepare the accounts, the directors of the company, the staff members within the company and, in the case of fraud, the person responsible for the fraud. However, for the purposes of this examination, only auditor risk will be considered (Cunningham, 2007)[2]. Auditors are often the main target when there is a problem, particularly in the case of a corporate collapse, due to the perception that they have deep pockets, largely provided by the indemnity insurance that auditors hold. Liquidators are particularly keen to access these funds as those involved in the business will rarely have access to any funds, at this point. Auditor risk (i.e. the risk of the auditor giving an incorrect opinion on the accounts) can be broken down into three areas: inherent, control and detection. The risk that a set of company accounts is inaccurate is inherently higher in certain sectors. When setting the level of audit risk, in this respect, the auditor will not take into account the level of internal control and will only consider the risk inherent with the business. For high risk audit clients, this inherent risk will be considerably higher than in other sectors, e.g. banking and financial institutions. Control risk is different from inherent risk in that it measures how likely it is that the company will pick up any accounting misstatements, if they occur. This is vital as a company may be inherently very risky; however, if it has exceptionally good internal controls, the inherent risks will be substantially limited. Finally, there are detection risks which reflect the risk that auditors do not pick up any misstatements that remain in the accounts (Worthington, 2007)[3]. Therefore, where there is an inherently high risk client, this will not necessarily result in an increased audit risk, if the controls are sufficient. Similarly, there may be an inherently un-risky company that has few or no controls, yet may become considerably more risky than it would immediately appear. Because of the potentially high risks involved and the chances of auditors being targeted in order to assist recovery of funds, in cases of corporate collapse, it is not surprising that auditors are keen to establish a cap on their liability. The Office of Fair Trading was asked by the government to consider whether imposing a cap on liability would result in a negative impact on competition between auditing firms. This is particularly concerning given the dominance of the top four accountancy firms in this area (KPMG, Pricewaterhouse Coopers, Ernst Young and Deloittes). There were mixed views from the auditing profession, with some believing that a liability on the cap would result in an increase in competition, whereas others believed that the cap would increase the dominance of the big four firms. The OFT noted, in the report, that there were no available mechanisms for auditors to limit their liability in relation to faults due to negligence or incompetence. It also noted that it saw no history of courts awarding excessive amounts in cases relating to auditor liability. It also referred to the fact that most auditing companies are set up in an LLP structure so that the partners’ personal assets are protected and the existence of professional insurance was noted. The report concluded that the position should not alter in relation to auditors’ liability and no cap should be introduced. However, it did recognise that there was at least an argument in favour of introducing a cap. In particular, the report recognised the key differences that exist between the UK and US. It should also be noted that the recommendations deviated from the findings of the report and this shift will be discussed later in the examination. In the OFT report, it was recognised that one of the leading cases for dealing with the scope of liability for auditors remains that of Caparo v Dickman[4] where a duty of care was established between the auditor and a minor shareholder. Although the decision itself was not surprising, the obiter in the case maintained that only the company could bring an action against the auditors. This position is not the same in the US where other third parties can bring actions aside from the company (although the changes in the Companies Act 2006 should be noted) (Smith Keenan, 2004)[5]. The case of Royal Bank of Scotland v Bannerman Johnstone Maclay[6] served as a timely manner of the extent of this potential duty of care. In this case, liability was allowed to be extended to third parties that have been adversely affected by a corporate failure. In this case, the issue of whether auditors could possibly have a duty of care to the company bankers was considered. The bankers continued to make investments into the company, having relied on the financial accounts that were incorrectly prepared and audited. The auditors naturally relied on the Caparo case and attempted to argue that they had no liability to third parties. Conversely, the bank argued that the auditors knew the bankers would be relying on the accounts and felt that this meant that a duty would be owed (Vinten, 1999)[7]. By considering all of the facts such as the degree of attention that was placed on the loan facilities being provided by the bank, it was felt by the court that the auditors did, in fact, assume a duty of care towards the bankers. The auditors were completely aware of the banks’ role in assessing working capital. It was noted by the court that if the auditors had issued a suitable disclaimer then the decision would have been different. As a result of this case, the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and Wales has issued advice that auditors should include a disclaimer, advice which all four of the big four auditors have chosen to accept. Conversely, the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants felt that a disclaimer should not be routinely used, as it may undermine the value of audit reports. Regardless of this, the potential of liability to third parties has undoubtedly caused some nerves for the auditing firms (Pacini, Hilison Sinason, 2000)[8]. Despite the ability of audit firms to establish themselves as limited liability partnerships, audit firms have pressed for a change in the regime from a joint and several liability process to a proportionate liability regime as seen in the US. As previously indicated, the joint and several liability process often results in the auditors being much greater targets where a claim is thought to exist. In the US, there is the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 which specifically replaced the joint and several liability approaches with that of proportionate liability. Under the US regime, liability is allocated based on the degree of wrong doing for which each party is potentially responsible, rather than based on who has the deeper pockets, which seems to be more the case in the UK. This has the effect that where there is no wrongdoing, companies are not inclined to sue the auditors simply because they have the resources to pay any damages (van Boom, Koziol, Witting Bloch, 2004)[9]. As well as limiting the way that wrongdoing is allocated, the PSLRA 1995 has the impact of limiting the cap on liability to reflect the difference between the sale or purchase price and the mean trading price that the company displayed in the ninety day period immediately after the market became aware of the misstatement. This is clearly completely opposite to the structure in the UK whereby liability is joint and several and limitation is based on the loss levels that the claimant can prove in court that they have lost. This critical difference between the UK and US also raises issues when there are international companies involved that can legitimately bring an action in either jurisdiction. In these cases, it is likely that the company would choose to bring an action in the UK against the UK branch of the audit company in order to avoid the limitation on liability that exists in the US (Hood, Rothstein Baldwin, 2004)[10]. Whilst this dichotomy between the US and UK has not entirely been closed, the issue has certainly been considered by policy setters, in the UK. There was some speculation that provisions to provide a cap on limitation would be introduced in the Companies Act 2006. This has not happened, but some concessions have occurred that will potentially be of assistance to auditors in attempting to limit their liability. Under part 16 of the 2006 Act, a company cannot indemnify its auditor. Where previously a company could purchase insurance for their auditor, this is no longer the case; however, the company can agree to indemnify the auditors for any costs incurred in successfully defending a claim. The big amendment under the 2006 Act is that it is now possible for the company to agree a liability limit in the form of a liability limitation agreement (LLA) with the auditors. This agreement can cover breach of duty, negligence and breach of trust, thus making it potentially exceptionally useful for auditors. There are some restrictions as to when an LLA can be entered into. These include approval by the company’s members; it must be limited to the financial year of the audit and it must not be limited at a level that is below that which is seen as fair and reasonable. When considering what a fair and reasonable amount of limitation would be, the court will take into account various factors including other sources of recourse that the company may have against other parties, thus retaining the essence of joint and several liability (Markesinis Deakin, 1999)[11]. Auditors in the UK are rightly concerned about the level of risk that they are potentially exposed to when undertaking their role as auditor. The position is distinct from that in the US and has resulted in UK auditors facing an increasing burden in international transactions. The failure to impose a liability cap naturally means that those attempting to reclaim losses will target the deep pockets of the auditor. The argument against having a proportional liability approach is that in doing so the valuable auditor’s reputation would be jeopardised (Law, 2008)[12]. There have been slight moves towards capping liability in the 2006 Act, but this has not gone nearly as far as the auditing profession would have liked and is still not in line with the position in the US. Despite multiple efforts, it would seem that a statutory limitation of liability is not going to be forthcoming and auditors will have to rely on entering into their own arrangements with individual companies, although the fair and reasonable requirement may result in the effectiveness of this provision being, at best, piecemeal. It seems that for now, at least, auditors’ deep pockets will remain under fire. Bibliography Cunningham, L.A., 2007. Securitizing Audit Failure Risk: An Alternative to Caps on Damages. William and Mary Law Review, 49. Hood, C., Rothstein, H. Baldwin, R., 2004. The Government of Risk: Understanding Risk Regulation Regimes. Oxford University Press. Law, P., 2008. Auditors perceptions of reasonable assurance in audit work and the effectiveness of the audit risk model. Asian Review of Accounting, 16 (2). Markesinis, B.S. Deakin S.F., 1999. Tort Law. Clarendon Press. Pacini, C., Hillison, W. Sinason, D., 2000. Auditor liability to third parties: an international focus. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15 (8). Sealy, L. Worthington, S., 2007. Cases and Materials in Company Law. Oxford University Press. Smith, K. Keenan, D.J., 2004. Smith Keenans English Law. Pearson Education. van Boom, W.H., Koziol, H., Witting, C.A. Bloch, L., 2004. Pure Economic Loss. Springer. Vinten, G., 1999. Audit independence in the UK – the state of the art. Managerial Auditing Journal, 14 (8). Footnotes [1] AICPA Statement on Auditing Standards No. 109, 2006. [2] Cunningham, L.A., 2007. Securitizing Audit Failure Risk: An Alternative to Caps on Damages. William and Mary Law Review, 49. [3] Sealy, L. Worthington, S., 2007. Cases and Materials in Company Law. Oxford University Press. [4] [1990] 1 All ER 568 [5] Smith, K. Keenan, D.J. 2004. Smith Keenans English Law. Pearson Education. [6] unreported, 23 July 2002 [7] Vinten, G., 1999. Audit independence in the UK – the state of the art. Managerial Auditing Journal, 14 (8). [8] Pacini, C., Hillison, W. Sinason, D., 2000. Auditor liability to third parties: an international focus. Managerial Auditing Journal, 15 (8). [9] van Boom, W.H., Koziol, H., Witting, C.A. Bloch, L., 2004. Pure Economic Loss. Springer. [10] Hood, C., Rothstein, H. Baldwin, R., 2004.The Government of Risk: Understanding Risk Regulation Regimes. Oxford University Press. [11] Markesinis, B.S. Deakin, S.F., 1999. Tort Law. Clarendon Press. [12] Law, P., 2008. Auditors perceptions of reasonable assurance in audit work and the effectiveness of the audit risk model. Asian Review of Accounting, 16 (2).

Australians Against Further Immigration Essay -- essays research paper

Australians Against Further Immigration OUR VIEW Environment Humanitarianism Economics Health Defences Education Culture Australia's immigration policy is disastrous, proceeding as if there is no balance of payment problem, no foreign debt and no geographical or environmental constraints to population growth. Continued immigration will finally and irreversibly alter the natural and urban environment, economic viability and attitudes and culture of our nation. The people have been consulted on, or given their consent to, the interwoven policies of immigration and multiculturalism. It is now time for Australians to demand their democratic rights, reclaim their sovereignty and demand a say in the future of their nation. Australians Against Further Immigration want immigration drastically reduced to zero net. That is, out immigration numbers should merely replace those permanently leaving Australia each year - historically running between 20,000 and 30,000. At this policy of institutionalised, publicly funded multiculturalism should be scrapped. We are a non-racist organisation and attempts to convert the debate to one of race and emotion is a deliberate ploy to silence critics and avoid the real issues. We believe in freedom of speech. The philosopher Spinoza said, â€Å"In a free state every man can think what he wants and say what he thinks†. This should apply here to debates on immigration. We care about Australia and want to pass our heritage to our children and their children. We want to preserve our Australian identity. We stress that migrants already in Australia are welcome, what we are against is further immigration and the effect this in now having on social harmony. Our opposition is the pro-immigration lobby comprised of big business including the media, the ethnic lobby, churches, misguided humanitarians and both sides of politics. It is our own successive governments inflicting these policies on us and they, not the individual migrant, should bear the blame. We are concerned about the effect of immigration and multiculturalism on this country where as the pro-immigration lobby is only concerned for the migrant or their own interests. ENVIRONMENT Australia, the world's oldest and driest continent, with severe soil degradation and climatic uncertainty - a land of, â€Å"droughts and flooding rains†' already faces declining agricultural productiv... ...ars and of course it does not stop there. In a democracy, how dare our government force such changes on the Australian people without their consent, but also against their often polled opinion. IN SUMMARY:- We have a clear choice of accepting increasing immigration with the consequent exploitation of this land and a falling standard of living and quality of life, living in crowded, polluted, high density cities, with over-taxed recreational areas and intercommunal tensions and feeling like strangers in our own country. The economic consequences of an increasing foreign debt, foreign ownership and undesirable, unsustainable economic expansion, will destroy any chance of maintaining the best features of Australian life as we know it. And, as migrant numbers increase, there will be an escalating push for higher migrant intake which eventually will be unstoppable. OR Stoping mass immigration and attempting to live in harmony with our fragile environment, creating an economically and environmental sound, self reliant and self sustaining community, maintaining our quality of life and handing to the next generation a country to be cherished, and free from problems of over population.

Corus Departments Essay

The marketing department do everything, from putting the brochures together for market research, to understanding precisely what the competitors are doing e. g. understanding how big the demand for steel is, or how big the threat from competitive material. Communication is also extremely important: if the other departments don’t work efficiently, then the marketing department won’t get the right information needed to make formal decisions that would benefit the company. The marketing department constantly needs to be in contact with the other departments, such as; the technical department and production department. They also need to produce a newsletter covering all the departments, which is then sent out to these departments meaning that they are all up to date. Sales The sales department is responsible for obtaining the most common business aim and objective, which is to increase sales levels Finance The finance department is responsible for producing financial information with the use of graphs and tables: as figures are mainly being used this is the easiest way to communicate between departments. By using a graph it is then easier and a lot faster to track the trends throughout the year. The graphs and tables are usually sent by e-mail, to enable other people within the business to print copies when appropriate. The finance department also need to be in contact with the other departments, especially the production, sales and purchasing teams. Communication is vital for the finance department, to enable them to confirm that all the figures they have produced are correct. If the figures they have given coming in and going out of the business are incorrect this could result in the performance of the business, as the decisions being made would be wrong, overall affecting the future of the business. Human Resources Human resources are responsible for employing staff into the business and training them. They also have to make sure their employees get their wages and are responsible for managing and disciplining individuals within the business. When they’re dealing with individuals, trade unions and management they must organise face to face meetings, as this is the most effective way because it allows them to build strong relationships and also allows trust to be developed. They are also put in place to make an open and honest forum which other methods of communication don’t offer e. g. e-mail and telephone. Within the Corus business the HR advisor is responsible employee relations and looking after the logistics team and central functions within the company.

Psychology and Crime Essay

There are a number of other theories developed by researchers including Bandura (1986), Beck (1982), Ellis (1976) and Ross and Fabiano (1985) describing cognitive structures or thinking frameworks that lead to troubled or criminal behaviour. These theories suggest that how an individual thinks about an external event, not the event itself, can trigger feelings that lead to criminal behaviour. Cognitive restructuring enables offenders to change their anti-social attitudes and beliefs through a process that focuses on the individuals thinking patterns. Kohlberg (1978) in the theory of moral development was concerned with the cognitive processes behind moral judgement. He used the work of Piaget (1932) and suggested that moral reasoning advances with age. Offending occurs when there is a delay in moral development and the offender does not have the reasoning to resist temptation from offending. (Hollin as citied in Maguire 2002) This could explain why some criminals are seen to ‘grow out’ of criminality. This theory has been criticised on the basis that Kohlberg was explaining moral reasoning not moral behaviour. In conclusion psychoanalytical accounts do not offer a satisfactory explanation of crime but neither do any of the other theories on their own. Psychoanalytic theories concentrate on the unconscious, which is a contributing factor in the explanation of crime but the theory cannot explain all types of crime. Learning theories look at the values and beliefs that are learnt through the environment however they do not take into account internal or cognitive factors. Cognitive approaches help us to understand crime but do not explain the causes of crime. Cognitive theories focus on the individual and how the individual can be treated to change. This is why they are in favour with criminal justice at the moment. The theories assume that all offenders are the same however it is only crime itself that can be described in such a uniform way. In order to explain crime all the available theories including sociological theories need to be taken into account. As for psychoanalytical theories â€Å"Psychoanalytical theories stress the inner processes and conflicts as determinants of behaviour. However they do not ignore or neglect the environmental or social factors, but they favour the dynamic processes as playing a major role in the development of criminal behaviour†. (Hollin 1989) Bibliography Ainsworth.P (2000) Psychology and Crime: Myths and reality. (Essex: Pearson) Hollin.C (1989) Psychology and crime. (London: Routledge) Maguire.M etal (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd Edition) McLaughlin.E & Muncie.J (2001) The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (Sage Publications ltd. London) Putwain.D & Sammons.A (2002) Psychology and Crime (East Sussex: Routledge)

Being John Malkovich essays

Being John Malkovich essays The initial goal of many films is to establish a believable world that mirrors our own society. This is to give a legitimacy to the film, to allow the viewer to think about how similar the people on the screens lives are to their own. Some fantasy films, in contrast, tug at the viewers imaginations in order to transport them to a fairytale world a long ways away where a magical story takes place. Rarely is a picture set in a world comparable and mistakable to our own, yet strange and quirky. One such film that challenges viewers glimpses into reality is Being John Malkovich, directed by Spike Jonze. The awkward world of the film is vital because it sets the stage for future peculiar events that must be accepted for the film to make its thematic statement. The film opens in what appears to be a normal city setting. The main character, Craig Schwartz (played by John Cusack) is a down-and-out puppeteer waiting for his big break. His wife, Lotte (Cameron Diaz), works in a pet store and likes to take her work home with her in the form of numerous animal companions populating the Schwartz household. Other than the fact that Cameron Diaz looks strange with her brown frilly hair, a rational world is established. They are a typical young married couple, struggling to make ends meet, experiencing sexual tension as Lotte wants to have a baby but Craig does not seem to be very interested, and living in a fairly old and run-down dwelling. All in all the film creates a fairly normal and believable atmosphere. Suddenly, strange ideas and events take place which, in the world of the film, are generally accepted without a second thought. Craig applies for a job at Lestercorp, a company that lies on the seven and a half floor of an office building. As a result, the ceilings are unusually low. During his "orientation" he is shown a film explaining in a ludicrous way why the floor was built the way it was. It is importa...

Definition of Corruption Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Definition of Corruption - Literature review Example Such public servants take bribes before offering services to the large population that needs attention from them. The practice is high in government offices that deal with the processing of documents and public hospitals. Grand corruption This form of corruption is rampant in the highest ranks of the government. It is mostly perpetuated by high-ranking officials and is highly visible in authoritarian and dictatorial government settings. However, emerging democracies have embraced the division of labor in the government thus trying to combat the vice. The executive, judiciary and the legislature are therefore allowed to operate independently from each other. Systemic corruption This occurs where there is a widespread of corruption activities in the society mainly caused by weaknesses of an organization or governance process. It is encouraged by low pay in organizations, lack of honesty, impunity, monopolistic governance, discretional powers, and conflicting incentives. It includes ext ortion, embezzlement, and bribery of public officials. In this occurrence, corruption becomes a necessity for survival. The spread of corruption Corruption is widespread in society. It has corroded every aspect of our society ranging from government institutions to private institutions. Joseph in the book political corruption describes all institutions as being corrupt from the core (42). Right from childhood, children become corrupt because of the examples they see from the older generations. Hence, corruption can be said to be a deep-rooted problem in the society Philosophical issues related to corruption Corruption is a social problem in the world today. Due to corruption, innocent people suffer at the expense of corrupt leaders. Corruption has led to the following: Increase in poverty in the society Corruption is a game of survival for the fittest. The corrupt individuals are able to increase their income and safeguard their wealth as compared to middle class individuals. This h as led to increase in the gap between the rich and the poor. In countries where corruption is widespread, the level of economic development is very slow because funds that could have been used in the developments are lost. Hence, such countries remain poor. Lack of good health care and education In most of the developing countries, corruption has led to the under-utilization of government funds. Such funds could have assisted in the provision of health care. Most public hospitals are therefore left without medicines and qualified doctors. economic

PROMOTION in the Merchandising Environment - Glamourflage - Part 5-10 Essay

PROMOTION in the Merchandising Environment - Glamourflage - Part 5-10 of the Project - Essay Example Glamourflage has a variety of tailor-made products which guarantee beauty, gun and joy! If you want to spice up your holiday, then you should try it out. In the current market, social media has grown to become a very critical promotional tool. Therefore, staying in contact with the clients on social media platforms will allow Glamourflage to create a personal bond and relationship with the clients. Moreover, the social media platforms will act as a communication avenue through which the clients can learn more about the products. To achieve this, three social media platforms will be used. These are Facebook, Instagram and Pinterest. Being one of the most widely used social media platform, Glamourflage will use Facebook as the primary way of socially interaction with the clients. Through Facebook, the brand can showcase its products and portray itself as a fun brand through various pictures, announcements and postings from satisfied clients. Personal videos will also be posted in the page so that client awareness is created. Clients will be encouraged to tag their friends and share the pictures and posts in the page. The Facebook page will have several options as shown below. Glamourflage will have its own Instagram page. The content in the Instagram page will be in line with what has been posted in the Facebook page. The various posts on the consumer experience, pictures of the products and the videos from the clients will also be shared on the Instagram page. By doing this, more clients will be attracted to post their pictures and share with others how the Glamourflage products has make skin caring process

United Kingdom sports policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

United Kingdom sports policy - Essay Example Sports have been promoted in the United Kingdom as a modern public sector service by successive governments. (Henry. 2001, 19). Being a competitive activity between individuals, groups and states, it is but natural that sports will come within the purview of state policy for smooth promotion as well as to ensure steady growth of sporting abilities in the country to generate a strong feeling of nationhood through better performance in international competitions. Governments thus invariably indulge in formulating sports policies that will earn laurels for the individual and the country in the international arena. Sports policies are also deemed significant to ensure equity in dispensation to afford equal opportunities for weaker sections of society. Notwithstanding the above, it is commonly noticed that public policy is influenced by practical politics, power relations, resources and technical considerations. (Veal.2002, 11). United Kingdom has been at the forefront of sports over the years. The famous quote attributed to the Duke of Wellington that the Battle of Waterloo was won on the sports fields of Eton and Harrow has justifiably highlighted the importance of sports in British national life. The UK sports policy is contained in Game Plan: A Strategy for Delivering Government's Sports and Physical Activity Objectives developed by the UK Strategy Unit under the British Prime Minister's Office published in 2002. (Game Plan, 2002). The policy and strategy laid down in this document has been followed up rigorously and is reviewed every year. The salient facets are discussed as per succeeding paragraphs. Game Plan: A Strategy for Delivering Government's Sports and Physical Activity Objectives The importance to sports policy in general and the policy document in particular is evident with the Foreword being written by the Prime Minister Mr. Tony Blair. Mr. Blair highlights the significance of sports as a powerful tool to achieve a number of goals for governments and the need for being adequately equipped to take advantage of the means for nation building. (Game Plan, 2002). The Report has been focused as per Blair on the importance of increasing grass roots participation in sports for health benefits so that the current health costs of 2bn a year or 54,000 lives lost prematurely could be cut down. A government - sports bodies partnership is sought to be created to achieve these aims. (Game Plan, 2002). The Prime Minister has also highlighted the need to cut down on sports bureaucracy. The focus is on the younger generation and it is envisaged that at least 75 percent youth should participate in sports in the coming years. The Secretary Of State RT Hon Tessa Jowell has also emphasized the need for greater focus on participation in sports as only 32 percent of adults in England were doing more than 30 minutes of moderate exercise five times a week which is the recommendation of health professionals. (Game Plan, 2002). The disparity in the population with limited participation by the lower income groups and fall in involvement with increasing age has been noted with concern. Ms Jowell has bench marked British performance with nations as Finland and Australia which have a large participation in sports and also one which is increasing with age. Britain's performance has been highlighted as the best in Olympics since 1920, with world champions in more than 50 sports but most of these are not in sports carrying a high profile

Captain Corellis Mandolin Essay Example for Free

Captain Corellis Mandolin Essay Carlo asserts War is a wonderful thing, in movies and in books. By close reference to the novel, explore how war shows people at their worst and their best. The novel Captain Corellis Mandolin, written by Louis De Bernieres in 1994, explores humanity; we sigh at their suffering as they are ripped apart and forever changed by war.1 The quotation in the title is spoken by Carlo quite early on in the novel, at the end of chapter 15, titled LOmosessuale (4). He is referring to the idea that war is repeatedly shown to be patriotic, heroic, and indeed wonderful especially in film and literature. However, from Carlos experiences in Albania, he knows the true reality of war, as he has seen and experienced the suffering. We can trace Carlos progression of thought through his personal chapters; all entitled LOmosessuale. He begins saying, How wonderful it was to be at this war(p.119) We hear him describe crossing the foreign border as exhilarating, and he and his comrades view themselves as the new legionaries of the new empire that would last ten thousand years.(p.119) This was his view at the very beginning of war, before he had really experienced any suffering. As he is yet to encounter any conflict, it is likely he has been influenced by the propaganda at the time, organised by the Italian leader, Mussolini. The next quotation is said slightly further on during Carlos experience, How wonderful it was to be at war, until the weather turned against us.(p.120) It is here that we begin to hear of some of the suffering that Carlo and his comrades had to endure, such as we were ten thousand men soaked to the bone(p.120). The real tragedy of war is death, and Carlo has had direct experience of this. He says, War is wonderful until someone is killed(p.122). This is when De Bernieres chooses to use graphic images to show the suffering that Carlo and his comrades endure. I realised that I was covered with gory scraps of human flesh that were freezing fast to my uniform(p.122). Finally, Carlo says the quotation in the title, War is a wonderful thing, in movies and in books on page 124. It is here that Carlo has realised the actuality of war, and can see that this idealised version is fictitious and can only be seen in movie and in books. War scorches a trail through all of their lives. What seems, at the beginning of the novel, like a game, a challenge to manhood, a matter of honour, an occasion for political satire, becomes an appalling reality.2 Carlo asserts that war is shown to be wonderful in movies and in books. However, De Bernieres does not follow this trend, and shows the war for what it is. De Bernieres characters starve and die slowly with their entrails hanging out; he depicts the horror that they have to endure to fight for their country, and the suffering that they are put through. In Albania, Carlo says It was as though a portion of my mind has disappeared, or as though my soul had diminished to a tiny point of grey light(p.138). De Bernieres also shows the gore and bloodshed caused by the war, when he describes the death of Francesco. In chapter 19, LOmosessuale (6), De Bernieres uses Carlos narrative to tell the reader the true details of Francescos death, and then the sanitised version for his mother. As well as this showing Carlos considerate nature, it also confirms that many people did view the war in a very different light from its reality, including Francescos mother. He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing. (He died on a day when the snow was melting and when, beneath that carapace, there were emerging a thousand corpses, knapsacks, rusted riffles, water bottles, illegible unfinished letters drenched in blood) (p.148). Corelli wrote the novel, after falling in love with the Island of Cephallonia, and wanting to inform readers about what happened to this Island during World War II. For this reason, he has depicted a very real and veritable account of atrocities that occurred during the Second World War. Everyone is shot, without regard for rank or role, even the medics and the chaplains.3 However, in the film adaptation of Captain Corellis Mandolin, directed by John Madden, war is viewed in a very different light. De Bernieres has said of the film The problem is that film-makers take out all your good ideas and replace them with a load of stupid ones.4 The depiction of war in the film is very different and many scenes seem to have been watered down5, in order to appeal to far wider audience. The movie has been widely criticised, after changing the story line drastically from a tragic story of the destruction and consequences of war, to a love story between Corelli and Pelagia. Where de Bernià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½res book makes it clear from the start that war is unforgivingly ugly, for a long time the films only hint of this is a glimpse of Mandrass battle-scarred feet.6 Although much of De Bernieres novel depicts the horror of war, some of the consequences of war are indeed wonderful. Corelli and Pelagia would have never found love without the intervention of war in their lives, and although ultimately war destroys their love, the moments spent together made the war endurable. The prefatory poem at the beginning on the novel shows Louis De Bernieres hinting, even before the novel has begun, that war will be an important theme throughout. The Soldier by Humbert Wolfe describes the waste of war, and the loss of lives and of youth. Links are evident between this poem and Captain Corellis mandolin as they both explore the way in which war has an effect on different people. The presence of war on the Island of Cephallonia has various effects on different characters and can expose peoples flaws and merits. An excellent example of this is the contrast shown between Mandras and Antonio Corelli. Corelli has been drawn into a war that he really has no heart for. You mean youre a soldier by mistake? (p. 206, Pelagia). He has no desires to be a soldier and his character is often seen as anti-military. When giving punishments he does not follow the rules that are expected of him, To everyones surprise the captain pointed his pistol straight into the face of one of the culprits(p.324). However, although he had no intention of doing so, Corelli proves to be an excellent comrade and shows morality throughout the war. This is my morality, I make myself imagine that it is personal(p.351). This is greatly contrasted with the character of Mandras. He has very high expectations about the life of a soldier and feels he has to prove himself to Pelagia and the rest of the Island. He resents those who know more than him, yet does not want to prove himself intellectually, as he believes no man is a man until he has been a soldier(p.80) Carlos assertion that war is wonderful in movies and in books reflects a idealised view of the war. However, Mandras believes that this view was the reality of war and he felt that becoming a soldier would make him more worthy as a man. Ill come back and everyone will say, Thats Mandras, who fought in the war. We owe everything to people like him. He is indoctrinated by what is expected of him, and is predicted to conform. However high Mandras expectations were, the war does not elevate him, it brings him down. During his experiences in war he saw others abuse their power, and now feels he has a right to do the same, The war de-humanises him, and instead of changing him for the better it changes him for the worse. The war in Cephallonia showed the best and the worst in people. In Antonio Corellis case it displays his merits as he has the opportunity to exercise his humanity in the treatment of others. From the beginning of the novel, Corelli is represented as a laid-back, light-hearted leader. Although he has a great talent as a leader, he is very modest and introduces Carlo as one of our heroes, He has a hundred medals for saving life and none for taking it(p.202). He proves himself as an excellent comrade and Captain by being faithful to his men until the very end. There is no honour in this war, but I have to be with my boys(p.392). His introduction of La Scala also shows good comradeship, as it is a humorous and practical solution to having to use communal toilets. This is also a crucial element of the novel, as before they go to join the shooting line up, they sing to maintain their composure. He also shows his forgiving nature when he chooses to forgive Gunter for what he has done. I forgive you. If I do not, who will?(p.397). He says of himself I am not a natural parasite(p.305) and this is seen clearly when he avoids any confrontation with Pelagia. He is uncomfortable about living with Pelagia and her father Tonight I shall sleep in the yard and tomorrow I shall request alternative accommodation(p.204). Corellis fondness for animals is De Bernieres way of showing positive traits in a character. The fact that Corelli is so attached to Psipsina shows that he is an admirable man and the reader feel connected to him. The captain had some engaging traits. He tied a cork to a piece of string, and sprinted about the house with Psipsina in hot pursuitand if the animal happened to be sitting on a piece of music, he would go away and fetch another sheet rather than disturb her(p.250) Corelli also shows fondness for children in his relationship with Lemoni. Although there is a language barrier, the two are able to communicate on a different level, and are able to enjoy each others company. The child was whooping and laughing, and it appeared that what was transpiring was a lesson in Italian. Bella fanciulla, the captain was saying. He was waiting for Lemoni to repeat it. Bla fanshla, she giggled. (p. 211) He also appears to have a very different attitude than other soldiers, when he arrives in Cephallonia with his mandolin strapped to his back, and not a gun, as you would expect from a soldier. The mandolin that was called Antonia because it was the other half of himself. This love for music is another engaging trait that the captain has, and is one of the reasons Pelagia falls in love with him. We also see this originality to his character when Gunter Weber, a german soldier, introduces himself. Weber says Heil Hitler, yet Corelli says Heil Puccini, showing he has a very different attitude to the war, and will not be led by anyone. This again shows his love for classical music, as Puccini was a great composer, whom Corelli was an admirer of. His relationship with Pelagia is clearly one of great love and admiration, however it also contains sexual desires, which are never consummated. Such slender fingers, such pink nails. He imagined them engaged upon amorous and nocturnal things, and realised that he was disturbing Psipsina.(p.259, Corelli) This shows ongoing respect for Pelagia and her father, and also shows Corellis caring and considerate temperament. In contrast to Corelli, the character Mandras is brutalised by war. He believes that war will change him for the better, yet it changes him for the worse. He becomes a victim of propaganda and a victim of his insecurities. Before he leaves for war he tells Pelagia Im a Greeknot a Fascist(p.214) War changes him for the worse as he is very easily led and allows others to influence him. This may have had a positive effect on Mandras if he had chosen Iannis to guide him, yet he chooses Hector, the leader of a branch of the ELAS. Joining this group causes him to abandon his personal values, and this is seen when he whips the old man. Mandras did not even notice that the man had stopped moving, had stopped screaming and whining(p.233). He manages to blank out the emotions that he should be feeling, and begins to enjoy the power he holds over this old man. If you didnt think about what it was, it sounded weirdly beautiful(p.234) After returning from the war, he becomes much more manipulative, especially towards Pelagia and Drosoula. Mandras had begun his exile into inaccessibility by dramatising the idea of death(p.180). Pelagia was convinced that he was doing it on purpose as an act of vengeance or punishment.(p.180). This shows a very cruel side to Mandras that we have never seen before, and it clearly takes the war to bring out this negative side of his character. He has clearly been indoctrinated by the propaganda of the war, and this is seen in chapter 63, when he recites communist slogans. The party is never wrong. Whoever is not with us is against us(p.447) He does not seem to be questioning what he has been told, he just repeats it. He has experienced others abusing their power during his time with the ELAS and now sees this as an approved way of behaving. De Bernià ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½res explores power and its abuse7 He insults and belittles Pelagia after he returns from fighting and tortures her further, even though he should see that she has suffered enough during the war. De Bernieres shows a side to Mandras that readers have never seen before. He represents him as evil and sadistic, and we see Mandras refer to Pelagia as a slut. His morals have disintegrated following his fighting with the ELAS, and feels that he can do whatever he wants. This is due to the fact that the ELAS would make up their own rules for their comrades to follow. The war de-humanises Mandras and he represents the damage that can be inflicted by extreme politics. In Mandras death, De Bernieres wants readers to feel pity for him, as it is clear the communist party has seriously indoctrinated him. He dies as a victim of the war, and a desire to prove himself worthy, and this also evokes compassion in the reader Carlo is a character in the novel who shows how war can bring out the best in people. He is a very honourable character, and has to live with the secret that he is homosexual. He puts aside his desire for Corelli in order to help the romance between Pelagia and Corelli develop. I have loved you with the same surprise and gratitude that I see in your own eyes when you are with Pelagia(p.384). He shows true bravery in front of the firing squad when stepping in front of Corelli to save his life. Antonio Corellihad found in front of him the titanic bulk of Carlo Guercio(p.399). De Bernieres uses Carlos narrative in the chapters entitled LOmosessuale, and this allows the readers to sympathise further with the silent suffering that Carlo has to endure during the war. His writings are eloquently written and his language is poetic and beautiful, showing the gentle side to his character. He died on a fine day, Signora, with the sun shining and the birds singing.(P.148, Carlo) Father Arsenios was saved by the war(p.292). De Bernieres absolves Arsenios after the war and liberates him from his former self. However, the characters perceive him as a mad man and cannot see that war has brought about his finest hour. He is referred to as the crazy priest yet he feels he is a saviour and it is probable that, had he lived, Arsenios might have become a saint(p.295). De Bernieres chooses to depict war in a graphic and realistic light in his novel, Captain Corellis Mandolin. Although in many films or books war is shown to be wonderful, this idealised version is proved wrong in De Bernieres novel, as he shows the suffering that the soldiers were forced to endure. He shows that the war has different effects on different people, and it can expose their faults or their merits. Mandras is forever changed by the war, as he returns indoctrinated by the communist party. His death proves that his natural environment is the sea, where he can be accepted and does not have to prove himself. In contrast Corellis merits are shown to be more prominent as the war develops, and also as his love for Pelagia develops. The reader is drawn to the character of Corelli, even though he is an occupying soldier, as he shows compassion, kindness and respect during his time in Cephallonia.

Potentially Inappropriate Medication at a Private Hospital

Potentially Inappropriate Medication at a Private Hospital Abstract The use of certain medications in geriatrics when potential risks outweigh the potential benefit and an effective alternative is available is called as Potentially Inappropriate medication. Because geriatrics are more sensitive towards adverse effects of medications. Beers criteria which is updated and reviewed by American Geriatric society list out 53 medications/therapeutic classes of drugs to be avoided in geriatrics. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for 9 months in a 650 bed private corporate hospital, South India. All geriatric patients admitted in the hospital during the study period was included. Beers Criteria 2013 were used to identify potentially inappropriate medications. Result: The prevalence of PIM use (52%) was significantly higher in study population. An avg of 10 drugs were taken by the study population. A total of 215 medications were identified as PIMs. Among them 195(90%) medications should be avoided by the geriatrics independent of th eir condition (category I). 66(60%) of the study population had used more than one PIMs. 91(83%) of the PIM users had atleast one DRPs and the mean DRPs value of the PIM users were 1.59à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.3. Conclusion: High prevalence of PIMs in the study population signifies the need of monitoring geriatric prescriptions. Key words: PIMs, Beers Criteria, Geriatrics Introduction In recent years proportion of geriatric hospital admission with comorbidity and polypharmacy has been increasing continuously (1, 2). Adverse drug events (ADRs) are the most common reason for hospital admission, but sometimes it’s not identified. Medication errors (MEs) or conventional adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the common reason for adverse drug events which ends in clinical symptoms. Overall, elderly patients need greater attention to drug therapy and safety parameters (1, 3-5). Greater attention is needed for geriatric population due to age related pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic changes. But appropriate pharmaceutical care for elderly are determined on the basis of clinical trial conducted with adult population.(6) The burden of harm resulting due to the use of multiple drugs in geriatric populations is a major health related problem in developed countries. A research study reveals that around one in four geriatrics admitted to hospitals are prescribed with at least one inappropriate medication and potentially preventable adverse drug reactions accounts for nearly 20% of all inpatient deaths (7). The assessment of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in geriatric is a challenging work and there is a need for considering many factors which influences the prescribing as well as outcome. Eight well known tools are available to identify the PIMs and studies reports that Beers criteria is the best and easy one to assess the PIMs. Beers criteria also has the advantage over others because it is periodically updated (8).This study therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of PIM use on geriatric population using Beers criteria 2012 and its association with Drug Related Problems (DRPs) . Methodology Study Site: The work entitled â€Å"A study on prevalence and impact of Potentially Inappropriate Medication use in geriatrics at a private corporate hospital† was carried out in a 640 bedded private corporate hospital, South India. Study Design: Prospective –Observational study. Study Period: Nine months. Inclusion criteria: Patients above age of 65 yrs. Exclusion criteria: The patients who are unwilling to participate in the study and out patients METHOD: A regular ward rounds was carried out in all the wards of General medicine. Each patient’s medication profile was reviewed. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were briefed on the project with the help of patient information form and if they are willing to participate in the study their consent was obtained. The data from medical chart were recorded in customized data entry form. The prescribed drugs were evaluated and PIMs use were identified with the help of Beer’s criteria. The drugs which are identified as PIM are categorized into following: Potentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics, Potentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics with certain pathological condition that the listed PIM use can exacerbate Medications to be used with caution in geriatrics. ADRs associated with PIMs use were assessed. Drug interaction and ADR was monitored and reported. DRPs and Drug Risk Ratio (DRR) were calculated for PIMs. DRPs were the sum of ADR, drug interaction and drug allergy.DRR was calculated as the number of DRPs in relation to how often the drug was used (DRPS/number of times used). Results and Discussion In the study period, 212 patients were included in the study as per inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. 110 (52%) patients were found to be prescribed with PIMs listed in Beers criteria (fig no: 01). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (9) reported that PIM prevalence were 38% in their study population. Increased anxiolytics use as a prophylaxis for hospital related anxiety might be the reason for high prevalence of PIM than the later study. The total number of patients in study population were 110. Among them 62(56%) were males and 48(44%) were females.The study result reveals that PIMs user are mostly males. A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2012) (9) reported that prevalence of PIM use is more among males than females. The age categorization of PIM users was done. The maximum age of PIM users was 93 years and mean age of PIM users was found to be 70.2 ±5.77. The median age for PIM users was 68.5 years. The result indicated that age group of (65-69) were commonly prescribed by PIMs. This results compared with a previous study carried out by Birader K et al (2012) (9) which also reports that PIMs were frequently prescribed in the age group of 65-69 years. The social habit of the PIM users shows that 8(7%) patients were smokers and alcoholics, 14(13%) patients were alcoholics, 21(19%) patients were smokers and 67(61%) patients were teetotalers in PIM users. The comorbidities of the PIM users was analyzed. There were 52 (47%) suffering from hypertension and 32(29%) were suffering from DM. The results shows that most of the study group had comorbidities of hypertension followed by DM and CVDs. A similar study conducted by Fouquet A (11) also reported that most common diagnosis among their study population was hypertension and diabetes. The number of drugs prescribed for the PIM users were calculated (fig no: 2). The mean number of drugs per prescription was 9.9 ±2 with the maximum of 16 drugs and minimum of 5 drugs prescribed. The above results signifies that all prescriptions were in polypharmacy category. A similar study conducted by Blozik E (12) concluded that one of the main factor for PIM use is â€Å"polypharmacy†. The number of PIM drugs per prescription in the study population was calculated (Fig no: 3). The result reveals that 44(40%) were using one PIM drug, 50(45%) were using two PIMs, 14(13) were using three PIMs, 1(1%) were using 4 PIMs and the maximum of 5 PIMs use were found in 1(1%) of the study population. 66(60%) of the study population consumed more than one PIM. The mean was found to be 1.8 ±0.78 and an avg of 2 PIM was used by the study population. A similar study conducted by Dormann H (2013) (13) were reported that 87% of the study population consumed at least one PIM. Among the PIM users the total number of PIM drugs was calculated and it was found to be 215 drugs. PIM users were categorized into three groups according to Beers criteria. (Table no: 2) There were 195(90%) belongs to category I, 12(6%) were in category II and 8(4%) were in category III. The individual categories of PIM was analyzed. It was found that alprazolam 57(52%), clonazepam 17(15%), hyocyamine 10(9%), Lorazepam 10(9%), hydroxyzine 10(9%), zolpidem 10(9%), ketorolac 10(8%) were prescribed in category I (table no: 3). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (16) reported that alprazolam and cimetidine were frequently used PIM among their study population. Use of hyocyamine in constipation 3(25%) accounts for the most frequent inappropriate drug use in category II (table no: 4). Hydroxyzine in constipation 2(17%), cyproheptidine in constipation 2(17%), ketorolac in PUD 2(17%), clonazepam in frequent fall 1(8%), ketorolac in CHF 1(8%) and theophylline in insomnia 1(8%) were other category II inappropriate medication use. Use of escitalapram 3(40%), mirtazapine 2(30%), fluoxetine 1(10%), sertraline 1(10%) and Duloxetine 1(10%) were the category III PIMs (table no:5). The DRP among the PIM users were analyzed (fig no: . It was found that 19(17%) of the PIM users were free from DRPs. Majority of the study population had at least one drug related problems. The mean value of DRP in the study population was found to be 1.59 ±1.3. The minimum observed number of DRP per patient was one and maximum observed number of DRP per patient was six. The ADR use was monitored in the study population. A total number of 40 ADR associated with PIM use (Fig no:5) and 14 ADR associated with nonPIM use were identified. The study result reveals that one among three PIM users were found to have at least one ADR. A similar study conducted by N. Nixdorff et al (2008) were also reported that PIM users were found to experience ADR most frequently than nonPIM users. As a part of our study, screening of drug interactions were done. A total number of 131 major drug interactions were identified, in that 111 were unique. Among the drug interactions found 16(12%) were PIM-PIM drug interactions, 39(30%) were PIM-other drugs drug interactions and 76(58%) were caused by non PIM drugs (table no: 6). Drug risk ratio were calculated for the study population (table no:7). It was observed that prochlorperazine had the highest DRR (4) followed by phenobarbitone (2), digoxine (2), pentazocine (2) and duloxetine (2). The statistical analysis of obtained results has been done using statistical tools. The association of different variables are analyzed using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 test. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of comorbidities† with â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no:8), the result proved that â€Å"number of comorbidies† are statistically associated with â€Å"the number of drugs† at 0.001 level of significance and â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.05 level of significance. It means that as number of comorbidity increases polypharmac and PIM use also increases. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no: 9), the result proved that â€Å"number of drugs† are statistically associated with â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.05 level of significance. This result proves that polypharmacy is one of the reason for PIMs. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of DRPs† with â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no:10), the result proved that â€Å"DRPs† are statistically associated with â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.01 level of significance but not associated with â€Å"number of drugs† at 0.05 level of significance. This result proves that DRPs is more associated with PIMs than polypharmacy which means it not the number of drugs contributing to DRPs but the use of PIMs. Conclusion Our study identified a high prevalence of PIMs use and associated DRPs in the study population. DRPs due to PIMs is preventable. Development and implementation of new criteria or modification of already existing criteria such as Beers criteria, START STOPP criteria which will helps in safe prescribing practice can reduce the PIMs use. References Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2002–12. Budnitz DS, Shehab N, Kegler SR, Richards CL: Medication use leading to emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older adults. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 755–65. Lau DT, Kasper JD, Potter DE, Lyles A, Bennett RG: Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 68–74. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–9. Chrischilles EA, VanGilder R, Wright K, Kelly M, Wallace RB. 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AJEM 2008 26: 697–700 Tables and figures NO. of PIM/prescription Number of patients N=110 Percentage 1 44 40 2 50 45 3 14 13 4 1 1 5 1 1 Table no:1 Number of PIM per Prescription sl no category no. of PIMs percentage 1 PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics (category I) 195 90 2 PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition (category II) 12 6 3 PIMs to be used with caution (category III) 8 4 Table no:2 Categories of PIM sl no Drugs No. of Patients sl no Drug No. of Patients 1 Alprazolam 57 (29%) 16 Nitrofurentoin 3(1.5%) 2 Clonazepam 17(9%) 17 Mirtazapine 2(1%) 3 Hyocyamine 10(5%) 18 Cyproheptidine 2(1%) 4 Lorazepam 10(5%) 19 Diazepam 2(1%) 5 Hydroxyzine 10(5%) 20 Piroxicam 2(1%) 6 Zolpidem 10(5%) 21 Prochloperazine 2(1%) 7 Ketorolac 10(5%) 22 Chlorphemiramine 2(1%) 8 Aceclofenac 9(4.5%) 23 Trihexylphenedine 2(1%) 9 Propoxyphene 8(4%) 24 Digoxin 2(1%) 10 Diclofenac 7(3.5%) 25 Phenobarbitone 1(0.5%) 11 Spironolactone 6(3%) 26 Naproxen 1(0.5%) 12 Prazosin 5(3%) 27 Clinidium-chlordiazepoxide 1(0.5%) 13 Clonidine 5(3%) 28 Indomethacin 1(0.5%) 14 Chlordiazepoxide 3(1.5%) 29 Metachlopramide 1(0.5%) 15 Amitriptyline 3(1.5%) 30 Pheniramine 1(0.5%) 31 Pentazocine 1(0.5%) Table no: 3 Category 1(PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics) Sl no Drug Disease No. Patients Percentage 1 Ketorolac CHF 1 8 2 Hydroxyzine Constipation 2 17 3 Hyocyamine Constipation 3 25 4 Ketorolac PUD 2 17 5 Cyproheptidine Constipation 2 17 6 Clonazepam Frequent Fall 1 8 7 Insomnia Theophyllin 1 8 Table no: 4 Category II (PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition) sl no Drug No of Patients percentage 1 Mirtazapine 2 30 2 Fluoxetine 1 10 3 Sertraline 1 10 4 Duloxetine 1 10 5 Escitalapram 3 40 Table no: 5 Cateegory III (PIMs to be used with caution) NO OF INTERACTION PERCENTAGE PIM-PIM 16 12 PIM- OTHER DRUGS 39 30 OTHER DRUGS 76 58 Table no:6 Categories of Drug Interactions Sl No Drug DRPs Total Drug Risk Ratio 1 PROCLORPERAZINE 8 2 4.00 2 PHENOBARBITONE 2 1 2.00 3 DIGOXIN 4 2 2.00 4 PENTAZOCINE 2 1 2.00 5 DULOXETINE 2 1 2.00 6 NAPROXEN 2 1 2.00 Table no.7 Drug Risk Ratio Sl no Varience No. of comorbidities Chi squire value P value 1 2 ≠¥ 3 1 No. of PIMs 1 5 21 13 12.76* 0.05 2 10 12 15 ≠¥ 3 7 15 12 2 No. of drugs 6-8 13 16 4 26.77* 0.001 9-11 8 25 17 ≠¥ 12 1 7 19 Table no:8 Association of no. of comorbidities with no. of drugs and PIMs . varience No. of Drugs Chi squire value P value 6-8 9-11 12-14 ≠¥15 No. of PIMs 1 16 21 4 3 21.76* 0.001 2 14 24 8 4 ≠¥ 3 2 5 5 4 Table no: 9 Association of no. drugs and no. PIMs Sl no Varience No. of DRPs Chi squire value P value 0 1 2 ≠¥3 1 No. of PIMs 1 11 21 10 2 21.76* 0.001 2 7 23 8 12 ≠¥ 3 1 4 2 9 2 No. of drugs 6-8 9 15 11 1 11.77 0.05 9-11 4 25 6 12 ≠¥ 12 6 8 3 10 Table no:10 Association of DRPs with no. of drugs and PIMs Fig no:1 Prevalence of PIMs Fig no:2 Number of Drugs Prescribed per Patient Fig no:3 Number of PIM per Prescription Fig no: 4 Adverse Drug Events and Its frequency Fig no:5 Adverse Drug Events and Its Frequency